The weight of a bulk density of pellets is about 650-700 kg/m³ and the energy content of pellets is 3000-3300 kWh/m³ (Alakangas., 2000, Alakangas & Paju, 2002). The moisture content is 7-12% and the ash content is about 0,5%. Wood pellet’s moisture content and ash content are low. In Finland, pellets of cylindrical shape, diameter of 8 mm and the length 10-30 mm are popular (Alakangas & Paju, 2002).
The pellets can be of different shape and size depending upon its target customer. Wood pellets are made by pelletisation process where the raw material is compressed. The raw forest biomass material must be dried before pelletising. Wood pellet is usually made of a by-products of forest industry like sawdust or forest chips. Wood pellets have become important fuel in heat and power production because pellets for example have high energy content and most importantly wood pellets contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions (Sikanen et al., 2008).
This occurred with the Estonian name Liivlandi and originally with the quasi-name Maarjamaa: the word is formally the same but no longer a proper noun.Author Tuomas Mauno Revised by Vijay Bhatt When a name is no longer used in its proper function within a language community it becomes forgotten and a semantic vacuum is formed which must be filled. The Estonian Viru(maa) could not have acquired the function of the name Livland because it was the name of a region and therefore in opposition to names at the same level in the hierarchy (e.g. The original justification for the name, its transparency, thus lost its relevance, which was also the case with Livonia, as this no longer meant the tribal area. The equivalence remained when the province of Livland was designated, and thus the area to which the Finnish word Viroi(nmaa) referred excluded the Virumaa region. The names remained unchanged, however, as is typical with country names, and thus the Finnish Viroi(nmaa) became equivalent to Livland, at least in physical terms. With the events described above, the land on the opposite shore was now Livonia. The name may initially have referred to a tribal province in Finnish too, but its semantic meaning was land on the other side of the Gulf of Finland. The Finns had used the name Viroi(nmaa) to refer to the neighbouring land south across the water, whereas to the Estonians the same Viru(maa) was the name of a tribal province. in the seventeenth century Livland referred to the territory of Old Livonia as well as the then province). As the previous usage remained alongside the newer usage, a polysemous relationship was formed (e.g. When Saaremaa was linked to Livonia, the name Livland retained both its categorical status (as the name of a province) and its spatial status (as the antithesis of Estland).
The name was no longer at the same level as the names of Lettland (Latgale), Courland, Zemgale and Estland, but had become a hyperonym whose hyponyms were the names of Estland, Lettland and Courland. When Livland changed from the name of an ethnic tribal land to the name of Old Livonia, the change was both spatial (Daugava river to Salaca (Salis) Memel to Narva) and categorical (tribal land German confederation). The earliest occurrence of the name is in the eleventh-century Swedish runic inscription a Liflanti (in Livland).
#Finnish name mauno plus#
Livland has been the name given to: (1) the Livonian territory on the east coast of the Gulf of Riga (2) the Livonian and Lettish lands invaded by Germanic conquerors (todays Vidzeme) (3) the region joined to the Holy Roman Empire (todays Latvia plus Estonia, Old Livonia) (4) the Estonian-Lettish region extending from the Gulf of Finland to the Daugava river (the Western Dvina) (5) the duchy beyond the Daugava river (6) the province of Livland (southern Estonia plus Vidzeme) and (7) the province of Vidzeme. Marienland and Ostseeprovinzen in German, Baltiska provinserna in Swedish, Vidzeme in Latvian, Riiamaa in Estonian and Viro in Finnish). the Finnish Liivinmaa) or other renderings (e.g. The article examines the naming of different territorial areas at different times as Livland ( Livonia) and its equivalents (e.g. Mauno Koski THE NAME AND LOCATION OF LIVONIA The name and location of Livonia (englanti)
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